ENIAC

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)^[1]^[2] — პირველი ელექტრონული კომპიუტერი. ეს იყო თიურინგის (ინგლ. Turing) პროგრამული ენით დაწერილი ციფრული მოწყობილობა, რომელიც „ჭრიდა დიდი კლასის რიცხვით პრობლემებს“ რეპროგრამირების მეშვეობით.^[3] ^[4]

ისტორია

მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ ENIAC-ს პირველად მხოლოდ საარტილერიო სროლების გამოსათვლელად შეერთებული შტატების ბალისტიკური კვლევის ლაბორატორია იყენებდა^[5]^[6], ის ასევე შეიცავდა თერმოდინამიკური იარაღის შესწავლის პროგრამებს^[7] .

1946 წლის 15 თებერვალს, ENIAC გადაეცა პენსილვანიის უნივერსიტეტს, გაზეთებში მას „გიგანტურ ტვინს“ უწოდებდნენ.^[8] ის ათასჯერ (10³) სწრაფად მუშაობდა ვიდრე მანამდელი ელექტრომექანიკური მოწყობილობები.

გალერეა

კონდენსატორები
კომპიუტერის მრეზენტაცია

ლიტერატურა

Berkeley, Edmund. GIANT BRAINS or machines that think. John Wiley & Sons, inc., 1949. Chapter 7 Speed – 5000 Additions a Second: Moore School's ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
Dyson, George (2012). Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42277-5.
Hally, Mike. Electronic Brains: Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age, Joseph Henry Press, 2005. ISBN 0-309-09630-8
Lukoff, Herman (1979). From Dits to Bits: A personal history of the electronic computer. Portland, Oregon: Robotics Press. ISBN 0-89661-002-0.
Tompkins, C.B. and J.H Wakelin, High-Speed Computing Devices, McGraw-Hill, 1950.
Stern, Nancy (1981). From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Press. ISBN 0-932376-14-2.
McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker & Co. ISBN 0-8027-1348-3.

რესურსები ინტერნეტში

ENIAC simulation
Another ENIAC simulation
Q&A: A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert
Interview with Eckert Transcript of a video interview with Eckert by David Allison for the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution on February 2, 1988. An in-depth, technical discussion on ENIAC, including the thought process behind the design.
Oral history interview with J. Presper Eckert, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Eckert, a co-inventor of ENIAC, discusses its development at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering; describes difficulties in securing patent rights for ENIAC and the problems posed by the circulation of John von Neumann's 1945 First Draft of the Report on EDVAC, which placed the ENIAC inventions in the public domain. Interview by Nancy Stern, 28 October 1977.
Oral history interview with Carl Chambers, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Chambers discusses the initiation and progress of the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1941–46). Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 30 November 1977.
Oral history interview with Irven A. Travis, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Travis describes the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania (1941–46), the technical and leadership abilities of chief engineer Eckert, the working relations between John Mauchly and Eckert, the disputes over patent rights, and their resignation from the university. Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 21 October 1977.
Oral history interview with S. Reid Warren, ჩარლზ ბებიჯის ინსტიტუტი, University of Minnesota. Warren served as supervisor of the EDVAC project; central to his discussion are J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and their disagreements with administrators over patent rights; discusses John von Neumann's 1945 draft report on the EDVAC, and its lack of proper acknowledgment of all the EDVAC contributors.
ENIAC Programmers Project დაარქივებული 2009-01-23 საიტზე Wayback Machine.
The women of ENIAC
Programming ENIAC
How ENIAC took a Square Root დაარქივებული 2004-10-14 საიტზე Wayback Machine.
Mike Muuss: Collected ENIAC documents
ENIAC დაარქივებული 2004-08-03 საიტზე Wayback Machine. chapter in Karl Kempf, Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, November 1961
The ENIAC Story დაარქივებული 2011-08-14 საიტზე Wayback Machine. , Martin H. Weik, Ordnance Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1961
ENIAC museum at the University of Pennsylvania
ENIAC specifications from Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971 December 1955, (A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems)
A Computer Is Born, Michael Kanellos, 60th anniversary news story, CNet, February 13, 2006
Gumbrecht, Jamie (8 February 2011). „Rediscovering WWII's 'computers'“. CNN.com. ციტირების თარიღი: 9 February 2011.

სქოლიო

↑ John Presper Eckert Jr. and John W. Mauchly, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,120,606, filed 26 June 1947, issued 4 February 1964; invalidated 19 October 1973 after court ruling on Honeywell v. Sperry Rand.
↑ Weik, Martin H. „The ENIAC Story“. O R D N A N C E. 708 Mills Building - Washington, DC: American Ordnance Association (January–February 1961). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 14 აგვისტო 2011. ციტირების თარიღი: 29 March 2015.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ადგილი (link)
↑ Goldstine და Goldstine 1946, p. 97
↑ Shurkin, Joel (1996). Engines of the mind : the evolution of the computer from mainframes to microprocessors. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-31471-5.
↑ Moye, William T. (January 1996) ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution. US Army Research Laboratory. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 21 მაისი 2017. ციტირების თარიღი: 29 March 2015.
↑ Goldstine 1972, p. 214
↑ Scott McCartney p.103 (1999): "ENIAC correctly showed that Teller's scheme would not work, but the results led Teller and Ulam to come up with another design together."
↑ ინგლ. Brain used in the press as a metaphor became common during the war years. Looking, for example, at Life magazine: August 16, 1937 p.45 Overseas Air Lines Rely on Magic Brain (RCA Radiocompass). March 9, 1942 p.55 the Magic Brain—is a development of RCA engineers (RCA Victrola). December 14, 1942 p.8 Blanket with a Brain does the rest! (GE Automatic Blanket). November 8, 1943 p.8 Mechanical brain sights gun (How to boss a BOFORS!)

[1] John Presper Eckert Jr. and John W. Mauchly, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,120,606, filed 26 June 1947, issued 4 February 1964; invalidated 19 October 1973 after court ruling on Honeywell v. Sperry Rand.

[ENIACstory-2] Weik, Martin H. „The ENIAC Story“. O R D N A N C E. 708 Mills Building - Washington, DC: American Ordnance Association (January–February 1961). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 14 აგვისტო 2011. ციტირების თარიღი: 29 March 2015.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ადგილი (link)

[3] Goldstine და Goldstine 1946, p. 97

[4] Shurkin, Joel (1996). Engines of the mind : the evolution of the computer from mainframes to microprocessors. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-31471-5.

[5] Moye, William T. (January 1996) ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution. US Army Research Laboratory. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 21 მაისი 2017. ციტირების თარიღი: 29 March 2015.

[Golsdtine72P214-6] Goldstine 1972, p. 214

[7] Scott McCartney p.103 (1999): "ENIAC correctly showed that Teller's scheme would not work, but the results led Teller and Ulam to come up with another design together."

[8] ინგლ. Brain used in the press as a metaphor became common during the war years. Looking, for example, at Life magazine: August 16, 1937 p.45 Overseas Air Lines Rely on Magic Brain (RCA Radiocompass). March 9, 1942 p.55 the Magic Brain—is a development of RCA engineers (RCA Victrola). December 14, 1942 p.8 Blanket with a Brain does the rest! (GE Automatic Blanket). November 8, 1943 p.8 Mechanical brain sights gun (How to boss a BOFORS!)

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