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საფუძველი ვიკიპედიიდან:

Stimson Doctrine

The principles of this doctrine were also used in the US Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles's declaration of July 23, 1940, on the non-recognition policy of the Soviet annexation and incorporation of three Baltic countries — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These principles were strongly pursued until the restoration of independence of the three Baltic nations in August 1991.

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By early September 1991, I was in the Baltic countries accompanying Curt Kammen, the president's special representative, to help organize the restoration of the exchange of diplomats between the United States and the three. It is worth noting that the United States, which many blamed for being only the 37th country to "recognize" the Baltic states in 1991, had never withdrawn the recognition extended to them in 1923. All that Washington did in 1991 was to restore the exchange of diplomats between the American government and governments in each of the three that actually represented the people there. http://www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2004/11/21-111104.asp

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In June, 1940 the Baltic States were occupied and annexed. The U.S. government reacted on July 23 with a statement by Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles condemning the annihilation of the political and territorial integrity of Latvia, as well as Estonia and Lithuania.

In his statement, Welles said, "The people of the United States are opposed to predatory activities no matter whether they are carried out by the use of force or the threat of force. They are likewise opposed to any form of intervention on the part of one state, however powerful, in the domestic concerns of any other sovereign state, however weak. The United States will continue to stand by these principles because of the conviction of the American people that unless the doctrine in which these principles are inherent once again governs the relations between nations, the rule of reason, justice and law - in other words, the basis of civilization itself - cannot be preserved." In July, 2000 a resolution of the U.S. Congress reiterated and reinforced this statement once again.

The Statement of 23 July determined U.S. policy with regard to the Baltic states and ensured the preservation of diplomatic representations of those countries in the United States for the next fifty years. During the years of occupation, the Embassy of Latvia in Washington, D.C. enjoyed full diplomatic recognition. This unique situation provided opportunities to remind the world continually of the judicial existence of Latvia and to defend the interests of Latvia and its citizens.

After the restoration of Latvia's independence in August, 1991, the United States of America and the Republic of Latvia restored active diplomatic relations on September 5, 1991. http://www.usembassy.lv/EN/site/U/archives/carlsonsp/carlson 20020728

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29 House of Representatives Eighty-Third Session Congress, First Session . . . H. Res. 346. Baltic States Investigation. Hearings Before the Select Committee to Investigate the Incorporation of the Baltic States into the U.S.S.R. (Washington, United States Printing Office: 1954) p. 3.

According to Lapradelle, an authority on international law:

Never before had an occupying power arranged general elections in an occupied country in order to create an elective parliament charged with the prescribed task of voting incorporation of its country in the occupying one. In order not to shock world's opinion, the Russian stage managers wanted that the Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians should themselves go on record as petitioners for the admission into the Soviet Union. But if the elections, held under the conditions of military occupation, were to have any validity from the international point of view, the question of the surrender of sovereignty and the proposal for incorporation in the Soviet Union should have been explicitly announced to the electorate before the elections. The platform of the government-sponsored party, however, did not suggest this eventuality by a single word.30

The Committee of the United States Congress, after investigating the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union, concluded:

The evidence is overwhelming and conclusive that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were forcibly occupied and illegally annexed by the U.S.S.R. Any claims by the U.S.S.R. that the elections conducted by them in July 1940 were free and voluntary or that the resolutions adopted by the resulting parliaments petitioning for recognition as a Soviet Republic were legal are false and without foundation in fact. That the continued military and political occupation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia by the U.S.S.R. is a major cause of the dangerous world tensions which now beset mankind and therefore constitutes a serious threat to the peace.31

After a military invasion of Lithuania, the Soviet Union became an aggressor according to the provisions of the Convention for the Definition of Aggression signed in London on July 5, 1933. An aggressor state is one which first commits one of the following acts: "invasion by the armed forces, even without declaration of war, of the territory of the other State." B. Meissner considers the act of annexation as an illegal act, regardless if it is carried out by war or other means of force.

In Soviet legal literature, annexation is described as "a seizure, forcible incorporation of a territory or part of another state." Additionally, "the Soviet State and other socialist states arė strongly opposed against any form of annexation, because annexation is contrary to the principle of self-determination of peoples and is one form of repression."32 Soviet legal experts proudly point out that in the Decree of Peace in November 8 (October 26), the Soviet Union was the first State which condemned annexation:

In accordance with the legal conscience of democracy in general, and working people especially, the Government considers annexation to be any incorporation of a small and weak nation into a large and strong state without definite, clear and free desire of the affected nation, irrespective of when this incorporation took place, irrespective of how developed or undeveloped the nation is kept within the limits of that state, and finally, irrespective if the nation is living in Europe or beyond oceans.

If a nation is kept forcibly within the frontiers of another state against its will, if this nation, contrary to its expressed desire, irrespective if this desire was expressed in the press, in the peoples meetings, in the resolutions of parties, or troubles or uprisings against national oppression, is not accorded the right to decide the problem of political existence by a free vote without any presssure, by complete withdrawal of the troops of incorporating or merely stronger nation, then the incorporation is an annexation, i.e. an arbitrary appropriation, an act of violence.33

The Soviet action of incorporating the Baltic States into the Soviet Union is illegal and prohibited by international law, as well as contrary to the right of self-determination of the Baltic Peoples. To this effect writes B. Meissner:

Non-recognition of the Soviet Annexation

Once the fate of Lithuania became obvious, the United States, faithful to the doctrine on non-recognition, condemned the Soviet action. On July 24, 1940, the Acting Secretary of the Department of the State, Sumner Welles, stated:

The policy of this Government is universally known. The people of the United States are opposed to predatory activities no matter whether they are carried on by the use of force of by the threat of force. They are likewise opposed to any form of intervention on the part of one state, however, powerful, in the domestic concerns of any sovereign state, however weak .... The United States will continue to stand by these principles, because of the conviction of the American people that unless the doctrine in which these principles are inherent once again governs the relations between nations, the rule of reason, of justice, and of law — in other words, the basis of modern civilization itself — cannot be preserved.47

The European Parliament in its Resolution On the Situation in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania of January 13,1983, condemned "the fact the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral states by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and still continues."53

• შეადარე = 1983 October 27: Reagan says in a televised address that all the ills of the world are to be blamed on the Soviets. Evil Empare - იწყება მასიური შეტევა სსრკ-ზე

• President Reagan: Speech to the House of Commons, June 8, 1982. From Stettin on the Baltic to Varna on the Black Sea, the regimes planted by totalitarianism have had more than thirty years to establish their legitimacy. (არაფერი მერი - არცერთი სხვა რეგიონიშ კავკასია ან შუა აზია)... The strength of the Solidarity movement in Poland demonstrates the truth told in an underground joke in the Soviet Union. It is that the Soviet Union would remain a one-party nation even if an opposition party were permitted because everyone would join the opposition party...

The significance of the non-recognition policy was stressed by John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State of the United States. On November 30, 1953, appearing at the Hearings before the Select Committee to investigate the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union, he said:

Some may say that it is unrealistic and impractical not to recognize the enforced incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union. We believe, however, that a despotism of the Soviet type cannot indefinitely perpetuate its rule over hundreds of millions of people who love God, who love country, and who have a sense of personal dignity. The Soviet system which seeks to expunge the distinctive characteristics of nation, creed, and individuality must itself change or be doomed ultimately to collapse. The time of collapse depends largely on whether the peoples who remain free produce spiritual, intellectual, and material richness, and whether we have a faith which can penetrate any Iron Curtain; and we must be sure that the captive peoples know that they are not forgotten, that we are not reconciled to their fate, and, above all, that we are not prepared to seek illusory safety for ourselves by a bargain with their masters which would confirm their captivity. These, Mr. Chairman, I can say to you, are our purposes. We have not forgotten the Atlantic Charter and its proclamation of "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live." We still share the wish expressed in that charter, "to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have forcibly been deprived of them.54

http://www.lituanus.org/1989/89_2_02.htm

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In June, 1940 the Baltic States were occupied and annexed. The U.S. government reacted on July 23 with a statement by Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles condemning the annihilation of the political and territorial integrity of Latvia, as well as Estonia and Lithuania.

In his statement, Welles said, “The people of the United States are opposed to predatory activities no matter whether they are carried out by the use of force or the threat of force. They are likewise opposed to any form of intervention on the part of one state, however powerful, in the domestic concerns of any other sovereign state, however weak. The United States will continue to stand by these principles because of the conviction of the American people that unless the doctrine in which these principles are inherent once again governs the relations between nations, the rule of reason, justice and law – in other words, the basis of civilization itself – cannot be preserved.” In July, 2000 a resolution of the U.S. Congress reiterated and reinforced this statement once again.

The Statement of 23 July determined U.S. policy with regard to the Baltic states and ensured the preservation of diplomatic representations of those countries in the United States for the next fifty years. During the years of occupation, the Embassy of Latvia in Washington, D.C. enjoyed full diplomatic recognition. This unique situation provided opportunities to remind the world continually of the judicial existence of Latvia and to defend the interests of Latvia and its citizens.

After the restoration of Latvia’s independence in August, 1991, the United States of America and the Republic of Latvia restored active diplomatic relations on September 5, 1991. http://www.am.gov.lv/en/?id=4590

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First Estonian Government-in-Exile was established on January 12, 1953 in Oslo by August Rei. Second one was established shortly afterwards on March 2, 1953 in Augustdorf, Germany, by Alfred Maurer. The second government held no meetings and ceased to exist after Maurer’s death in September 1954. Rei’s government emerged as the only Estonian Government-in-Exile. After Rei died in 1963 the following persons held the title of the Acting President and formed the governments-in-exile: Aleksander Warma (in office 1963-1970), Tõnis Kint (1970-1990) and Heinrich Mark (1990-1992). Between 1953-1992 alltogether five Estonian governments-in-exile were formed. Meetings of the governments-in-exile took place in Sweden. Most of the government members lived on the Swedish soil. The activities were rather low-profile. Governments-in-exile issued political declarations condemning Soviet occupation of Estonia and other Baltic states. They also tried to deal with technical matters like Estonian citizenship and passport issues. On October 8, 1992 Heinrich Mark addressed Estonian Parliament with a speech and thereafter handed over his ‘creditentials’ to newly elected Estonian President Lennart Meri (in office 1992-2001). This ended the existence of the Estonian Government-in-Exile. http://www.edk.edu.ee/default.asp?object_id=6&id=30&site_id=2

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Whereas in June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and forcibly incorporated them into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;

Whereas throughout the occupation, the United States maintained that the acquisition of Baltic territory by force was not permissible under international law and refused to recognize Soviet sovereignty over these lands;

Whereas on July 15, 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 8484, which froze Baltic assets in the United States to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands;

Whereas on July 23, 1940, Acting Secretary of State Sumner Welles issued the first public statement of United States policy of nonrecognition of the Soviet takeover of the Baltic countries, condemning that act in the strongest terms;

Whereas the United States took steps to allow the diplomatic representatives of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in Washington to continue to represent their nations throughout the Soviet occupation;

Whereas Congress on a bipartisan basis strongly and consistently supported the policy of nonrecognition of the Soviet takeover of the Baltic countries during the 50 years of occupation;

Whereas in 1959, Congress designated the third week in July as `Captive Nations Week', and authorized the President to issue a proclamation declaring June 14 as `Baltic Freedom Day';

Whereas in December 1975, the House of Representatives and the Senate adopted resolutions declaring that the Final Act of the Commission for Security and Cooperation in Europe, which accepted the inviolability or borders in Europe, did not alter the United States nonrecognition policy;

Whereas during the struggle of the Baltic countries for the restoration of their independence in 1990 and 1991, Congress passed a number of resolutions that underscored its continued support for the nonrecognition policy and for Baltic self-determination; http://estonia.usembassy.gov/resolution2.php

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The United States, United Kingdom, and other western powers considered the annexation of Estonia by USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never recognized the existence of the Estonian SSR de jure, and never recognized Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union. The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932 to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes effected by force. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary De jure (in Classical Latin de iure) is an expression that means based on law, as contrasted with de facto, which means in fact. The terms de jure and de facto are used like in principle and in practice when one... http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Estonian-SSR

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Democratic Politics and Policy Workshop. Jack Matlock, ex-US ambassador to Russia, Jan. 30, 1996

"...Yuri Shevchuk: And personally, did you have any role in President Bush's address to Ukrainian parliament, the famous Chicken Kiev speech? You were an ambassador at that time.

JM: Let me take them in reverse order, because some are simpler than others. I had no role in writing the speech; I saw it on the plane as we were flying to Kiev, and at that point you could make only minor adjustments, I tell about this in the book. Actually it didn't bother me all that much, because this was a speech which we had said very clearly before it came was directed not at Ukraine but at all of the non-Russian republics. Therefore, some of the comments made were not pointed at Ukraine. For example, the comments about suicidal nationalism referred to Georgia, and Gamsakhurdia's policies at the time, which were getting them into a civil war. His statement that freedom is not the same as independence was also meant as a warning that, okay, the independence forces, you make league with the communist nomenklatura to get independence, to prevent reform, you're going to have a problem, and we could see that, and Ukraine still hasn't solved that one..."

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George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography --- by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin Chapter -XXV- THYROID STORM "

...Caesar non super grammaticos (The emperor cannot defy the grammarians.) -- Marcus Pomponius Marcellus to Tiberius..."

"...August 21: The Soviet putsch was a trying time for Bush, who staked a great deal on his deal with Gorbachov. A remarkable flare-up by Bush came in response to the opinion expressed by Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the president of the Republic of Georgia, that Gorbachov was part of the conspiracy behind the coup. Bush, asked for a reaction, was incensed:

Bush: --say to him he needs to get a little work done on the kind of statements he's making. I mean that's ridiculous. There's a man who has been also swimming against the tide, it seems to me, a little bit. And I don't want to go overboard on this, but he ought to get with it and understand what's happening around the world..."

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In 1989 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the "Occupation of the Baltic States," in which it declared that the occupation was "not in accoradnce with law," and not the "will of the Soviet people". Eventually, on 24 December 1989, the Congress of the USSR People’s Deputies adopted the decision recognising the secret deals legally ungrounded and invalid since the moment of signing them.

5. The Congress states that the Secret Protocol of August 23, 1939, as well as other secret protocols, signed with Germany during the years 1939-1941 constitute, as to the method of compilation and contents, a violation of Leninist principles of Soviet foreign policy. Territorial divisions into Soviet and German "spheres of influence" set forth in them, as well as other actions, were, from the standpoint of international law, in conflict with the sovereignty and independence of several third countries.

The Congress notes that at that time the relations of the USSR with Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia were fixed by a system of treaties. According to the Peace Treaties of 1920 and the Non-Aggression treaties, concluded during the years 1926-1933, the signing parties undertook to mutually honour, under all circumstances, each other's sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability. The Soviet Union had similar obligations towards Poland and Finland.

"Vtoroi sjezd narodnikh deputatov SSSR. 12-24 dekabrja 1989 g. Stenograficheski otchet. Tom IV. Izdanie Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. Moskva 1990." (The Second Congress of the Peoples Deputies of the USSR, 12-24 December 1989. Verbatim report. Vol. IV. Publication of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Moscow, 1990)

http://www.president.ee/en/duties/press_releases.php?gid=58205

Estonia regained its independence on August 20, 1991, with the Singing Revolution and the collapse of the Soviet Union. August 20 is now a national holiday in Estonia. Western support and recognition of Estonia's redeclaration of independence on August 20, 1991. Following Europe's lead, the United States formally reestablished diplomatic relations with Estonia on September 2, and the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet offered recognition on September 6, 1991.

On March 11, 1990, the Supreme Soviet (or, more precisely, the Supreme Council of Lithuania) proclaimed the restitution of Lithuanian independence, becoming the first of the Soviet republics to declare national rights. Lithuania, led by Sąjūdis, an anti-communist and anti-Soviet independence movement, proclaimed its renewed independence on March 11, 1990. Lithuania was the first Soviet republic to do so

May 4, 1990 the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR adopted the Declaration of the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia, subject to a transition period that came to an end on August 21 1991

უკაცრავად მაგრამ ეს სტატია ენციკლოპედიურია?--ტრულალა (გ) 15:21, 29 იანვარი 2007 (UTC)